The Tribune, Chandigarh, India

Anandgarh is stillborn

FOR the Punjab government Anandgarh is a dream project gone sour, at least for the present. It will appeal before the Supreme Court with a sliver of hope. As before the High Court, it will claim that land is being acquired under a law which waives a prior approval of the competent authority. This is a grey area since the government has not set up a board under the 1995 law before asking those from 29 villages to sell their land and houses to build an ultra modern township. In fact the legal core of the verdict by a Division Bench consisting of Justice J.L.Gupta and Justice N.K.Sud is precisely this procedural lapse. The two Judges are categorical that sanction of a properly constituted board is mandatory to convert agricultural land into a new township. In its absence, they add for good measure, the government does not have the power to build houses or lay roads. And hence the notice to the villages is devoid of legal validity. That is a power-packed point and the government has to marshal arguments more convincing than it presented before the High Court. The Bench castigates the government on another count. The Union Ministry of Urban Development had asked for a thorough review of the project, to find out if the large-scale destruction of the environmental assets will be compensated by whatever benefits that will accrue to society. The protests of the Ministry of Defence against creating a plush colony around its missile base too went unheeded. This is not the done thing, the court says, and that sentiment will reverberate through the apex court. The High Court itself has thrown its weight behind the pain the villagers will face. Their farms will be destroyed and over 50,000 families will be displaced so that multi-storey monsters can come up. This is not a prudent tradeoff. This is a larger social issue which lies at the heart of the conservation-versus-development debate.

Many will regret the latest developments. It has nothing to do with the judgement. The idea of a glittering Anandgarh city was born when the contours of the Khalsa tercentenary were taking shape. That was in the mid-nineties. Since then the relationship between the two had remained firm. Congress Chief Minister Beant Singh first unveiled the township plan much before site selection. The Akalis protested. When they came to power the project was owned up by the new government and on Baisakhi Day, 1999, Anandgarh plan was formally presented to the people of Punjab. Controversies began to swirl around it. Politicians, bureaucrats and other power wielders had cornered the land and then selected the site so they could make millions, it was said. The latest controversy is that the judgement will help scores of VIPs to retain their 10-acre farm houses.

GSLV failure unfortunate

The failure of ISRO scientists to send into space the Global Satellite Launch Vehicle should be seen as a hiccup, not a heart attack. It is a setback to the organisation’s objective of earning for India the membership of the global space club. However, it is not a disaster keeping in mind the overall global track record of the failures of space missions. The US space shuttle Challenger, carrying a crew of six plus a school teacher who was to address a “global classroom” from space, had blown up 73 seconds after take-off. To date, it is the worst tragedy in the history of space exploration. Earlier, in 1971 the accidental opening of a pressure valve in the descending Soyuz capsule had caused the death of all the three cosmonauts on board. There is no doubt that the successful launching of the GSLV would have helped the country take a giant economic leap in the global market controlled by space and satellite-related technologies. The veritable scramble among big and small nations for putting their own satellites in space is a clear indication of the importance of this technology in deciding the contours of the global economy. However, the prophets of doom should not go overboard in renouncing ISRO for not being able to put the GSLV in space. They should instead take note of the good news. The launch vehicle itself is safe and as soon as the fault in the lift-off system is identified and corrected, ISRO would announce a fresh date for the launching of the GSLV. In any case, it is not for the first time that an ISRO mission has failed. In August, 1979, the SLV-3 EI was only partially successful because of a jammed valve in the second stage control system. The ASLV-DI and D2 in 1987 and 1988 and the PSLV-DI in 1993 are part of ISRO’s history of failed missions.

A point on which the scientists can be put in the dock is the high rate of failure in space-related missions compared to other countries. The rate of success in launching the INSAT series of satellites too is embarrassing. ISRO would do well to remember that even a minor glitch, as the one which caused the cancellation of the GSLV launching, causes a big hole in the pocket of the exchequer. And it is a major reason why it should try to drastically reduce the margin of error in space projects.

FRANKLY SPEAKING
By Hari Jaisingh
Political confrontation harms India
Importance of national consensus in a fractured polity

As a tehelka.com fallout, the political fabric in the country has been torn apart. The overall mood at the political level is one of confrontation and witch-hunting. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is a house divided. It has also problems with the RSS as well as its National Democratic Alliance (NDA) partners. At work is politics of convenience and survival.

There is neither a meeting of the minds nor of hearts. The only cementing force is the desire to hang on to power.

As for the Congress, it has its wobbly agenda as well as an unchartered movement. It is not sure what it wants from the system or its supporters. It lacks a sense of direction. In fact, the 116-year-old party suffers from a crisis of leadership. Mrs Sonia Gandhi may not like to hear this bitter truth. But that is a different matter.

As for other Opposition leaders, they thrive on their caste-based vote-bank and money and muscle-based communal politics.

Amidst varied pulls and counter-pulls in the polity, the country is faced with a crisis of confidence. Equally critical is a crisis of change.

There is also a deepening crisis of the system and the inability of the institutions to respond adequately to deep-rooted social and political turmoil.

The changing political equations have thrown up new areas of conflict. In fact, the existing order and relationships are now being openly questioned. So too are some of the concepts.

Nothing bad about the these questionings as these are the result of the increasing awareness among the people about the state of the nation and the widening tentacles of corruption at all levels of governance.

The established system having failed, parallel systems, controlled by "invisible hands" of corrupt politicians, wayward bureaucrats and police officers and mafia groups, tend to control all areas of state and national activities. They have penetrated even into the highly sensitive area of defence. The power of middlemen, operators and manipulators has been known. It once again came into public focus recently. It has badly shaken the nation.

A powerful parallel economy is thriving on massive black money operations. Also, in place is a parallel structure of political and social dadagiri which derives its strength from new breeds of crooks and seasoned dadas peddling in money, crime, illegal activities and violence.

Power is money. Power also sustains the business of patronage, with the resultant scams, scandals and expose. But who cares? There is hardly any sense of shame among those who are caught indulging in shady deals.

Indeed, those who wield power, use public positions as their personal zamindari. Nothing disturbs them. They are immune to even their own conscience. Small wonder that all allegations are denied as a matter of routine.

Every charge is laughed away. What is equally shameful is that counter-charges are made by political opponents who themselves once behaved and acted in an undesirable manner. Some of the charges hurled may be valid. Some may be half-cooked. But the process of witch-hunting is merrily pursued "to fix" and silence persons at the other side of the political divide.

This is a typical national scene, whosoever may happen to be at the helm.

I am raising these questions not as a journalist but as a concerned citizen who is deeply disturbed at the state of drift. I know one thing for sure that a large number of fellow countrymen share my perception.I am only trying to express the collective anguish.

The question here is not whether one belongs to "X" party or "Y" party or any other faction. All of us have at least one common dream of seeing India moving up on the global ladder. But the tragedy is that our leaders take one step forward and two steps backward. The net result is that instead of moving forward, we are pushed behind or, at best, remain where we were before putting one step forward. This is a serious matter.

It is said that people get the government they deserve. I honestly believe that we definitely deserve better governance, if not a better government.

In her brilliant work, "The March of Folly", Barbara Tuchman points out: "A phenomenon noticeable throughout history, regardless of place or period, is the pursuit by governments of policies contrary to their own interests. Mankind, it seems, makes a poorer performance of government than almost any other human activity. In this sphere, wisdom, common sense and available information are less operative and more frustrated than it should be."

The question here is not merely of the form of government, though I personally prefer a presidential form of government as it is more suited to the nation's psyche than the existing parliamentary system.

The present system has been exposed because most of our parliamentarians do not take their job seriously. They hardly do any homework or pursue the people's problems in a national perspective. They believe more in lung power and money power than seriously debating critical issues objectively with a view to finding viable solutions.

The need of the hour is a broad national consensus on all matters which have a bearing on the future of the country. Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee once passionately talked about the importance of a national consensus on all major problems facing the country. His intentions have surely been honourable. But he and his colleagues have failed to translate their pious wishes into a concrete plan of action.

The politics of consensus cannot work in a vacuum. It takes two to shake hands. In any case, there has to be a total clarity of thinking on issues which require a consensual approach.

The moot point is: has any serious effort been made by the government to engage the Opposition in a serious dialogue on matters of national concern? It is a pity that all the parties behave like warring groups at critical junctures of national life in order to score political points. In fact, vote bank politics has become the biggest curse of the nation.

Take the case of economic reforms. The BJP itself is a house divided. What is more, there has been a tendency on the part of BJP leaders not to take into confidence the alliance partners. A number of instances can be cited to show how the NDA government's problems get aggravated because of the lack of prior consultation and proper communication with the alliance partners.

Coming back to the reforms, apart from the lack of direction within the BJP, the RSS flaunts its own swadeshi masala for the country's economic health. Poor Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha! He has done his best in the latest budget to forward the second generation reforms. But everything is in a melting pot in today's atmosphere of confrontation, especially after the tehelka cameras caught some political operators associated with the ruling establishment off guard.

Ironically, till recently India was being projected as a superpower in the making. During his trip to the USA, the Prime Minister eloquently talked about it. That dream concept has gone sour in the wake of the recent expose.

The upper strata of society today seems to be in the grip of a money fever. Those in power want to become crorepatis at home and dollarpatis abroad. Several foreign banks do a roaring business in the process.

Most problems cited above have arisen because of non-performance and a non-responding apparatus. Moreover, vital qualities of "sensitive and just governance" have virtually become poison for the coterie.

The ruling elite has actually exposed its incapacity to respond adequately to India's manifold problems and complexity which have got complicated because of overpoliticisation of society, which is suffering not just from the extremes of want but also from inhuman social and political arrangements.

What can be more shameful than to see that the "surplus" generated is "either consumed in perpetuating the status quo or is intercepted and diverted" by the New Class of Indians. And in this grim setting, the lower tiers continue to remain deprived of their due share in the national cake.

What the country needs is new institutions for writing and working a new political and social agenda. The redeeming feature today is the heightened consciousness of the people. They know who is corrupt and what corrupts whom and the system as a whole. This is a positive pointer which should help us to tackle the present crisis as a challenge and turn this into an opportunity. For, it is necessary that leaders of all shades and opinions think as Indians and act as Indians, keeping constantly in view a broad national perspective. This will be possible if they put the nation before self.

The writing on the wall is clear for Mr Vajpayee, Mrs Sonia Gandhi, Mr Mulayam Singh Yadav and a host of other politicians. They must respond positively to the new challenges as true Indians committed to the good of people so that the polity is restructured as a more just, humane and truly democratic order. This is the call of history.

It is necessary that we see India in totality and take steps to end the coterie politics. Can we gather strength and learn to work with understanding and harmoniously?

Only dynamic intervention on the part of the Prime Minister can help overcome the existing aberrations of what eminent thinker Romesh Thapar once called "affluent anarchy" and help move the country forward.

Chandigarh and all that
Ram Varma

My retirement has meant virtual banishment from Chandigarh for me and my dog, Winston. I knew all along that we were going to settle down in Panchkula after my retirement, but I had always considered Panchkula to be an adjunct of Chandigarh and had imagined that it would be just the same.

How utterly, infinitely, grievously mistaken was I!

Chandigarh meant jogging on the lake, ambling in the Rock Garden, strolling in the Leisure Valley and Rose Garden, sauntering in the 17 Sector Plaza. I had thought I would come driving to my favourite haunts, every day if I so desire. It had looked so plausible. Indeed it was a case of classic self-deception. Let alone expense, the effort involved is proving too much.

I did not feel any regret in leaving my well-appointed room on the 4th floor in the Secretariat. It was my fourth year in that room and satiety had set in. Not “love’s sad satiety” which Shelley had lamented about, but a certain weariness, ennui, in the manner of Macbeth murmuring: “Tomorrow, and tomorrow and tomorrow...”

Besides, this room afforded no view unlike my room on the seventh which I had occupied as Financial Commissioner for a number of years earlier. Sitting in my chair there I could see the quaint Assembly Hall (with a “cooling tower” and a glass pyramid jutting out of its roof and a boat perched precariously) and the reflecting pool and the Palace of Shadows, the High Court and the Open Hand. I would never tire of looking at that brave new composition against the old Shivaliks and the blue sky. I had felt some regret leaving that room, but not the Chief Secretary’s where two fat lizards perpetually chased each other on windowpanes.

However, leaving our house in Sector 5 near the lake was not so easy. I used to call it “Three Chinars”. Navjeevan Khosla who had lived in it years ago had planted four Chinar saplings, bringing them all the way from Kashmir. May his tribe increase. One Chinar died, but three of them not only survived but have become full grown trees and are thriving and would live for 500 years!

Besides them there were gulmohar, amaltas and jacaranda, maulsiri and Asoka, even a pine, and of course mango and litchi trees, and a row of majestic Buddha’s Coconuts outside on the road. Mynas, bulbuls, hoopooes and barbets tried their new composition on you and behaved as if they owned the place. You felt you were sitting in an enchanted forest or an ashram of a sage of yore.

All that has become but a dream now as we live tucked up in a flat in Panchkula overlooking a few woebegone shacks in an open area where people defecate at dawn, their modesty scarcely concealed behind wild shrubs.

You can imagine the shock and bewilderment of my labrador, Winston who loved to swim in the lake fetching the stick I would throw to the merriment of children who gathered to watch, and my little grand daughter Gungun. When once or twice we took them to the tiny (by Chandigarh standards) Topiary Park or the Cactus Garden, they could not contain themselves and went wild to the consternation of other visitors, who asked me in disbelief and livid rage if I had not read the signboard outside: ‘Dogs are not allowed.”

But who would have ever thought Winston was only a dog!

Fundamentalism spreads to Malaysia, Indonesia
M. S. N. Menon

There was a time when it was difficult to see a veiled woman in the streets of Singapore. Today, they are everywhere. Islamic fundamentalism has gained ground in south-east Asia, more so in Malaysia and Indonesia.

The Government of Malaysia is partly responsible for Malay assertion against the Indian and Chinese minorities. In Indonesia, it is Arab money which is responsible for the attacks on Christians and Chinese.

Perhaps the disease can be cured in Malaysia. About a third of its population is non-Malay. And it is surrounded by Buddhist countries.

But what of Indonesia? It is the largest Muslim nation in the world with a population of 210 million. And it is also the world’s fourth largest country.

Which way will it go — the moderate way or the Taliban way? The answer is crucial to India. We are a close neighbour of Indonesia. If Indonesia goes the Taliban way, it can pose a serious problem to India.

That is why India cannot afford to be complacent. True, we want Indonesia to remain secular and moderate. But we must also anticipate the worst. We must, therefore, strengthen our military outpost in the Andaman. Strife-torn Aceh, the Indonesia province, is only 30 miles off the Nicobar Island! There is an Indonesian military force of 30,000 in Aceh. Reminds us of our East Pakistan experience in 1971.

I see the Andaman command as more strategic than any other. Apart from doing maritime surveillance in the Bay of Bengal against gun-runners and drug traffickers, it keeps an eye on Chinese activities. As it overlooks the Malacca Straits, the busiest sealane in the world, with tankers passing through the straits every fifty minutes, it has also responsibility for the security of international trade. And, now, it must prepare itself against adventures of a Talibanised Indonesia or refugee influx from Aceh.

Indonesia was opposed to any Indian military presence in the Andaman. That was why the idea of strengthening the outpost was put on the backburner. Those were days of nonalignment, of which Indonesia was a prominent member. But such considerations should not deter us today. We must go ahead and create a powerful military base there.

There is urgency. For three reasons: 1) Even the security authorities of Indonesia are saying that the country may disintegrate; 2) the financial market is near collapse and in its worst phase in three years, driving the rupiah down to its new low-11,000 rupiahs for a dollar; and 3) we need a better surveillance in our present efforts to stamp out the insurgency in the North-East.

Jakarta must understand our fears and concerns. What happens to Indonesia is a matter of utmost concern to us. True, India cannot be of direct help in combating fundamentalism. But it can strengthen Jakarta’s capacity to fight subversion. When India signed a defence pact with Indonesia and set up a Joint Commission, it was done in good faith in our continuing friendship. But there can be no friendship with a Talibanised Indonesia.

President Wahid is a moderate. But moderation seems to be taboo today. There is demand for the imposition of the Shariah. He has resisted it.

Wahid does not want one civilisation to be pitted against another. He believes that religion should confine itself to moral education and should not interfere with governance.

The Indonesian situation reminds us of Afghanistan and what happened there recently. Both countries were under Indian influence for centuries.

Speaking on his idea of a nation, Wahid had said that “a nation should be anchored in its history”. This, of course, is at variance with the idea of the fundamentalists. They believe that history began with Islam, that earlier history is irrelevant to a Muslim. Indonesia has much to lose if fundamentalists win. Will they finally wipe out Borobudur?

Wahid is involved in corruption. This has affected his ardour to prosecute Suharto, the former President. This is his Achilles heel. But his survival is of crucial importance to Indonesia. And to the world.

Islam took a unique form in Indonesia. This was because of its unique history. India dominated the region in every way — in culture and commerce.

The Arabs took over the trade from Indian merchants at the end of the Chola period. As long as the Cholas wielded their naval power, the Arabs did not interfere. But the decline of Chola power and the decadence of the Sri Vijaya Empire created favourable conditions for the Arabs to enter Indonesia.

With the advent of Islam, Arab expansion got a boost. But the Islamisation of Indonesia was largely the work of Muslims from Gujarat, Malabar, Tamil Nadu and Bengal. Perhaps this explains why Arabisation was less pronounced in Indonesia.

But with the advent of the Europeans, both Indians and Arabs lost their contacts. And the Arabs were in deep decline. Christianity took a firm hold of the region.

An archipelago of 13,500 islands, spread over a vast area, with little contact between the different ethnic groups, the people were by no means united. Its leaders thought that creation of a unitary constitution would solve the ethnic problem. Like the Punjab province of Pakistan, the island of Java dominates over the rest of the country. This is highly resented. The Indonesian leaders (like Pak leaders) thought that Islam — the religion of the majority — would be a strong binding force. But it did not work that way.

The East Timorese were the first to break away, but they are Christians. What of the revolts in the rest of the country? There are conflicts between Muslims, between Christians and Muslims and between migrants and original inhabitants. Will Jakarta be able to overcome these disruptive tendencies? One wonders!

In the Moluccan islands, communal riots have killed 3000-5000 Christians and Muslims in the last over two years. There had been communal clashes in the islands of Sulawesi, Bali and Lombok. Bomb blasts in churches and mosques are daily events.

Separatist violence (mostly ethnic) is ravaging many parts of the country. These are between Muslims. For example, in Aceh and Irian Jaya. Part of these conflicts is instigated by the followers of Suharto. Their sole purpose is to prevent his conviction.

As regards Aceh, Jakarta seems to be reconciled to its independence. Aceh, a resource-rich province at the tip of Sumatra insists that it has never been a part of Indonesia. But it is staunchly Islamic. Although Aceh had made a unilateral declaration of independence in 1976, no country has recognised it. If Aceh breaks away, the country may well disintegrate. There is Irian Jaya, which also says that it has never been part of Indonesia. It has a large Christian population.

In Kalimantan, the problem is the conflict between the local people (Dayaks) and immigrants from the overcrowded island of Madura. The Dayaks were headhunters not long ago.

The students have played a key role in the politics of Indonesia. Will they remain unaffected by the new wave of fundamentalism? That will decide the destiny of the country.

Much has changed in the outlook of Indonesia. Today it not only supports India’s stand on Kashmir and terrorism, but also India’s inclusion in the Security Council as a permanent member. All these can change if the fundamentalists come to power. Our policies must provide for such a possibility.

Long-standing wish to be fulfilled
Krittivas Mukherjee

Former US President Bill Clinton is expected to have a long-standing wish fulfilled when he visits the city of Kolkata on April 7 to pay homage to Mother Teresa at her Missionaries of Charity.

“We will give him a warm welcome if he comes,” said Sister Christie of the Missionaries of Charity.

“No special arrangements are generally made for VIP guests. Mother Teresa believed all are equal and children of god. When Lady Diana (the late Princess of Wales) had visited Mother Teresa, she too wasn’t given any royal treatment,” Suneeta Kumar, a volunteer with the institution, was quoted assaying.

When Clinton visited India in March last year, he left with one wish unfulfilled - to make a trip to Kolkata to visit the Missionaries of Charity, an order established by the late Mother Teresa in the 1940s.

Clinton, who is making his second trip to the country as a “friend of India,” is expected to arrive in Kolkata on the morning of April 7. He will visit the famed Mother House, the headquarters of the Missionaries of Charity, on A.J.C. Bose Road to pay his respects to Mother Teresa. A meeting with the Governor of West Bengal, Mr Viren Shah is also scheduled, according to an informed source.

“He always wanted to come to Kolkata and visit the Missionaries of Charity. He looked up to Mother Teresa,” Kumar said.

Clinton wanted to visit the Missionaries of Charity during his last sojourn in India from March 20 to 25 last year, but could not do so because of tight schedule. His wife, Hillary, however, had headed an American delegation at Mother Teresa’s funeral in 1997.

An American consulate official, however, said: “So far we have no information on his visit to Kolkata.”

It is learnt that a special dance and song programme may be arranged for the former U.S. President. This may be conducted by physically challenged children who stay in the 11 homes run by the Missionaries of Charity in West Bengal. A special prayer session will also be arranged during his visit.

“From what it seems, Clinton will be here on Saturday, a normal working day for us. We sisters have a regular prayer session on Thursdays but can hold a special prayer session for our guests,” a source said. Sister Nirmala, the Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity will take a final decision on this.

After his visit to Kolkata, Clinton is to return to Delhi the same evening to attend a dinner hosted by Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. IANS

Good news and bad news for gorillas

According to primatologists East Africa’s rare mountain gorillas have remarkably survived a decade-long chain of upheaval in their East African home region, but remain at risk from habitat erosion and contact with humans.

The identified population of these giant primates in the Virunga Mountains, a volcanic range that straddles Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), as risen by more than a tenth over the past 11 years, from 320 individuals to 355.

The estimate is made jointly by the International Gorilla Conservaton Programme (IGCP) — an initiative supported by the African Wildlife Foundation, Fauna and Flora International and the World Wildlife Foundation (WWF) — and by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International.

The figure of 355 “is very definitely an under-estimate, because there are other gorillas which have not been taken into account, IGCP official Jose Kalpers says. (AFP)

The gift of Todas

Evam Piljain Wiedermann has been running a one-woman crusade to protect the identity and way of life of the Toda community in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu. Over the decades she has fought significant battles for the Toda people and thanks to her efforts, the population of the community has gone up to 2,000 from 500 in 1955 — when she started her work with the community.

“Nobody can guess how long they have been in the Nilgiris. The first historical reference to them is in 1170. But there are some replicas of Toda houses on the Meenakshi Amman temple in Madurai, which means they existed even earlier”. WFS

Not his fault!

Gary Hart, 36, from Lincolnshire, England, was towing a trailer behind his Land Rover when he slid off the road, ending up on a railroad track. He quickly got out and called the police on his cell phone to report the blocked track. “While the operator was speaking to him we heard him shout ‘the train’s coming!’ and then there was a bang,” a police spokesman said.

The passenger train derailed and was then hit by a freight train hauling 1,000 tonnes of coal coming from the opposite direction — all while Hart watched. Thirteen people were killed. “It could have happened to anyone,” Hart’s mother Margaret later told reporters. “I just hope people don’t blame him.” (AFP)

SPIRITUAL NUGGETS

When we are walking, eating, bathing, travelling by train or bus or attending to any household tasks, our mind is not occupied with anything. Why not utilise this vacant time in remembering the Lord and repeating His name mentally.

*****

— Maharaj Jagat Singh, The Science of the Soul: A Spiritual Bouquet, 66, 68, 72, 75, 86, 87, 96, 98, 99.

O thou whose soul is free from 'we' and 'I' ...

Thou didst contrive this 'I' and 'we' in order to play the game of worship with thyself

That all 'I's' and 'thou's' might become one soul and at last be submerged in the beloved.

*****

The lamps are different, but the light is the same:

It comes from beyond...

— Jalal-ud-Din Rumi, Rumi, Poet and Mystic, by R.A. Nicholson

To give us birth, we need a mother;

For second birth we need another;

And friendship's brothers seem by far

More dear than natural brothers are.

*****

Six things are done by friends;

To take and give again;

To listen and to talk;

To dine, entertain.

*****

Whoever trusts a faithless friend

And twice in him believes

Lays hold on death as certainly

As when a mule conceives.

— The Panchatantra, Book IV.

Were my beloved to bestow but one glance on me,

not one, but hundred lives, if I had them,

would I sacrifice to him.

— Maulana Rum, Masnavi