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Courting troubles
THE majority of animals reproduce sexually, a method that requires two separate sexes to come together and it is possible only during the breeding season when animals display extraordinary behaviour. Even the most bizarre courtship rituals are strictly functional and entirely necessary. The act of reproduction brings together genes from two distinct hereditary lines and ensures that the offspring of a species will differ to some extent from its parents. Thus, unless the two sexes
interact in some way they will be incapable of reproducing. Imagine the
problem: two animals that have never seen, let alone encountered, each
other have to come together in close, harmonious physical contact. How
do they recognise each other as being of the same species, and at the
same time of the opposite sex, and how do they know that having
encountered each other, both are going to be ready and ripe for mating?
To solve this problem, each species has evolved an extraordinary mode of
behaviour known as courtship, the essence of which is to bring the males
and females together. |
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The animals that live in groups face no trouble in finding a partner, but those that lead a solitary life or form pairs only during the breeding season, like insects, do face the problem of finding a mate. For them there is a need to transmit or advertise some kind of signal, in the form of smell, sound or sight, to announce their presence and willingness to mate. Many insects rely on their sense of smell for the purpose, but in birds it is the sound that usually plays the most important role. In migratory birds it is the males that arrive at the new destination slightly before the females, chart out individual territories and then start to sing their loud songs to announce their whereabouts to potential mates. Birds are not the only singing species though they are certainly the most melodious. The singing or chirping of insects, croaking of frogs and bellowing of mammals also fill the air in the breeding season. In the non-breeding season, many animals usually live in flocks that consist of an anonymous group of animals that do not recognize each other individually. But with the advent of the breeding season they become territorial and their behaviour changes drastically. Males especially form their own territories and defend them against intruders. This change in behaviour serves many purposes. For instance, it promotes mating, it provides an area where the young can be cared for and can be protected against predators, it prevents overcrowding. Therefore, it also ensures an adequate food supply and at the end it affects the dispersal of the species. |