Legendary
poet of Punjab
By Narinder
S. Kapoor
IN the tradition of Punjabi Qissa
poetry the arrival of Waris Shah was an epoch-making
event which changed the status, tone and tenor of Punjabi
poetry. More than any other poet, it is Waris Shah alone
who made Punjabi language enter every heart and hearth of
Punjab. Heer is the supreme achievement not only
of the poet but also of Punjabi poetry. Waris Shah is a
model poet who inspired and guided generations of Punjabi
poets belonging to the medieval as well as modern period.
He borrowed the story and plot of the legend of
Heer-Ranjha and structured it anew and contrary to early
happy endings, raised it to the level of tragedy of
classic dimensions. The beauty of this epic poem is that
it has attracted every critic worth the name and has led
to a variety of interpretations and critical approaches.
Some have interpreted this poem from a Marxist point of
view whereas others have analysed it from Freudian the
angle.
Whatever be the
conclusion of the critics, they are unanimous in their
verdict that Waris Shah is the first secular poet of
Punjab who sang full-throatedly about Punjab and Punjabiat
and left a writing which is the soulful passionate
expression of the Punjabi psyche, culture and
aspirations. This poem can be viewed from the historical,
sociological, mystical, artistic and poetic viewpoints.
One thing about which
there is no dispute between Punjabis across the borders,
is their love, affection, regard and respect for Waris
Shah. One can say that he is the most unique poet ever
produced in Punjabi literature. His Heer is so
popularly read and recited all over Punjab that people
feel proud in owning Waris Shah as their very own bard
whose poetry has already survived two centuries of
criticism and scrutiny and will stand the test of time in
future too.
He has left only one
work behind. The immortal Heer which has
enthralled and fascinated generations of listeners and
readers is not only a great literary achievement but also
a spiritual testament. The story of Heer and Ranjha had
already become a great love-legend in a tradition of high
romance and had been written by his predecessors like
Damodar and Mukbal. In the hands of Waris this legend was
chiselled and distilled in a verse around 1766 AD which
became the great bards poetic destiny.
The poet was so
passionately possessed by this work that when he had
completed 600 odd stanzas of varying length, he had
practically written down
Punjabs heart and
soul for all times. After this great achievement, it
became a tradition in Punjabi poetry that every budding
and aspiring poet had to reproduce, in poetic form, the
story of Heer and Ranjha so as to establish his poetic
credentials but every poet accepted the superiority and
nobility of Waris and adopted him as a model and an
ideal.
Though not much is known
about his life, historical evidence shows that Waris Shah
was born in 1735 AD in a Sayyad family which enjoyed
great respect and prestige in the village of Jandiala
Sher Khan in the district of Sheikhupura, now in
Pakistan. His fathers name was Gulshar Shah. Waris
Shah has acknowledged himself as a disciple of Pir
Makhdum of Kasur. Waris Shahs parents are said to
have died in his early years and he must have received
his education at the shrine of his preceptor.
Waris give ample proof
of his grounding in Islamic lore through Persian and
Arabic. He is also well-versed in Hindu tradition and
folk-lore. His writing clearly shows that the extent of
his knowledge is wide indeed, so that whenever he
chooses, and he chooses quite often, he gives
astonishingly authentic details, for instance about
astronomy, medicine, social rites, habits of men and
women, clothes, ornaments, sweets and delicacies, kinds
of horses and buffaloes, the items of the dowry etc. What
surprises the reader is his range of emotions and
feelings.
The Heer by Waris
is full of poetic intensity, authenticity, critical
faculty, deep and wide observation, wisdom gained through
living a full and rich life, critical daring, romantic
imagination, poetic vision, artistic excellence and
natural grace of perfect execution. No poet can raise
poetic grace of love at so passionate and soulful a pitch
without a deep by moving personal experience. It is
because of this fact that Bhagbhari is cited as the woman
who was the passion inspiring Waris to sing his own
unfulfilled love through the legend of Heer and Ranjha.
As a bard of high order,
his other achievements are his command over language and
his encyclopaedic knowledge of the contemporary social
scene. Rich vocabulary and his ability to coin new words,
a penchant for colourful detail, similes, metaphors,
phrases and aphorisms, distinguished Waris
Shahs style. Language by expanding its appeal and
by digging deep into its natural, fresh, apt and
befitting expressions. Waris Shah is at his best when he
describes the scenes of separation, details of beauty,
graces of nature, human feelings and sentiments. His
witty, humorous, satirical and sarcastic musings and
phrases full of poetic beauty have become quotations in
Punjabi lexicon.
As a man of great
wisdom, understanding and experience, Waris delves deep
write analysing his characters. Except for Heer and
Ranjha he has made everybody else a butt of ridicule and
criticism. He exposed the hypocrisy of the priests, the
Balnath sect of yogis, besides being critical of the
caste system and the cunning of men and women. Follies
and foibles of social life are also focused upon.
An overriding reason for
the acceptance of his version of the legend of Heer and
Ranjha has been his success in bringing the story closer
to his vision of life and reality. He is the first poet
to see the unique conjunction of high romance and tragedy
in it. He had the insight and perception to see the
Heer-Ranjha story as an eternal and ever-fresh analogue
of immutable love. That is why his poem has attracted
variant readings and interpretations and still has not
lost its freshness and fragrance. By using the metre Baint,
Waris has opened a new way of reciting his poem. What
really gives strength and vitality to Wariss style
is the use of the folk-idioms.
He turns the every day
language into a verse of beauty and splendour. No wonder
his language, though two centuries old, comes close to
our pulse even today and evokes an authentic response. A
certain degree of stark realism has prevented it from
becoming dated. The known and popular folk sayings and
aphorisms are skilfully woven into the fabric of his
verse. Not only this, Wariss own style also lends
itseek to epigrams and allusions. His in-depth
understanding of life enables him to survey the vast
expanse of human behaviour and sermonise on the affairs
of life. It is because of these sterling qualities of a
master artist that he still translates our deepest
emotions and dreams. All those who wish to enjoy him,
should search for him in his Heer. The experience
will not only be rewarding but also enriching.
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