Landfilling needs scientific approach, stringent norms

Landfilling, the process disposing of waste by dumping it in specified open areas in a controlled manner, is the major method of waste management adopted by municipalities across India, but its effectiveness has been an issue due to unscientific approach, ad hoc arrangements and poor regulation.

Large quantities of organic as well as inorganic waste, some of which is toxic, is generated from domestic as well as industrial sources. It has to be treated by MCs to reduce or mitigate its toxicity and emission of harmful gases, breeding of pests and micro-organisms, and stink. Also, the residue from untreated garbage contaminates the soil and groundwater.

According to research studies, no effective treatment of waste is undertaken at most landfills in the country. The crucial elements of segregation, treatment and recycling is largely missing at most landfills. Over 150,000 metric ton of urban solid waste generated everyday results in man-made toxic mountains in or around cities. It is estimated that up to 90 per cent of waste dumped in landfills goes untreated.

A Chandigarh MC official said an effective management of waste requires proper infrastructure, facilities and maintenance besides civic awareness at all levels. However, this is a difficult task due to a lack of resources and little cooperation from residents.

Many regions in the world have a structured process and stringent rules for waste disposal. In the European Union, states are supposed to enact legislation to comply with the requirements and obligations of the European Landfill Directive. Many countries have banned disposal of untreated waste in landfills.

In the US, each state has its own guidelines on landfills, which are governed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Landfilling sites need rigorous engineering and environmental studies to meet safety standards.

There are several scientific methods to effectively deal with garbage disposal at landfills, which include burying waste under layers of soil, installing bioreactors and doing effective monitoring.